Introduction
When it comes to fire safety, proper water storage is a critical element. Fire protection storage tanks play a vital role in ensuring a steady water supply in case of a fire emergency. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has set forth standards that govern the design, installation, and maintenance of these tanks to ensure they perform effectively when needed. In this blog, we will explore the different types of fire protection storage tanks, their uses, benefits and shortcomings, how to calculate the required gallons per minute (GPM) based on fire pump size and hazard classification, and how to service and inspect these tanks.
Types of Fire Protection Storage Tanks
1. Steel Tanks
Steel tanks are among the most common types of fire protection storage tanks. They are known for their durability and strength, making them ideal for both indoor and outdoor installations. According to NFPA 22: Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, steel tanks must be designed to withstand specific seismic and wind loads, ensuring stability during extreme conditions.
Benefits:
- High strength and long lifespan
- Suitable for various climates
- Compliance with NFPA 22 standards
Shortcomings:
- Prone to rust if not properly maintained
- Heavier and harder to install
2. Fiberglass Tanks
Fiberglass tanks are corrosion-resistant and lightweight, making them easier to install and maintain. They are suitable for both underground and aboveground applications. NFPA 22 also provides guidelines for the use of fiberglass tanks, ensuring they meet safety and performance criteria.
Benefits:
- Corrosion-resistant
- Lightweight and easy to install
Shortcomings:
- Can be more expensive
- May require careful handling to avoid damage
3. Concrete Tanks
Concrete tanks are robust and offer excellent resistance to fire and environmental hazards. They are typically used for large-capacity storage and can be installed underground or aboveground. NFPA 22 outlines the design requirements for concrete tanks, including considerations for temperature variations and environmental stress.
Benefits:
- Highly durable and fire-resistant
- Large storage capacity
Shortcomings:
- Expensive to install
- Heavy and may require significant space
4. Bladder Tanks
Bladder tanks use a flexible membrane to store water and are often used in areas where space is limited. They are easy to transport and install but may require more frequent maintenance. NFPA 11: Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam defines the use of bladder tanks for foam systems, ensuring they meet specific operational requirements.
Benefits:
- Flexible and easy to transport
- Quick installation
Shortcomings:
- Limited lifespan
- Frequent maintenance needed
Uses of Fire Protection Storage Tanks
Fire protection storage tanks are designed to supply water for fire suppression systems in various settings, including:
- Industrial facilities: Ensuring adequate water supply for large-scale fire protection systems
- Commercial buildings: Providing water for sprinklers and hydrants in office complexes and shopping centers
- Residential areas: Supplying water for community fire protection systems
- Rural and remote locations: Offering reliable water sources where municipal supply may be insufficient
These tanks ensure a reliable water source for fire pumps, sprinklers, and hydrants, especially in areas where municipal water supply may be insufficient or unreliable.
Benefits and Shortcomings of Different Types of Tanks
Steel Tanks
Benefits:
- High strength and long lifespan
- Suitable for various climates
Shortcomings:
- Prone to rust if not properly maintained
- Heavier and harder to install
Fiberglass Tanks
Benefits:
- Corrosion-resistant
- Lightweight and easy to install
Shortcomings:
- Can be more expensive
- May require careful handling to avoid damage
Concrete Tanks
Benefits:
- Highly durable and fire-resistant
- Large storage capacity
Shortcomings:
Expensive to install
Heavy and may require significant space
Bladder Tanks
Benefits:
- Flexible and easy to transport
- Quick installation
Shortcomings:
- Limited lifespan
- Frequent maintenance needed
Calculating GPM Requirements Based on Fire Pump Size and Hazard Classification
To determine the required GPM for a fire protection system, you must consider the fire pump size and the hazard classification of the area. The NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection provides guidelines for these calculations.
Step-by-Step Calculation
1. Determine the Hazard Classification
Classify the area as light, ordinary, or extra hazard based on the NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
2. Calculate the Required Water Flow
- Light Hazard: Typically requires 0.1 GPM per square foot.
- Ordinary Hazard: Generally needs 0.15 to 0.2 GPM per square foot.
- Extra Hazard: May require 0.25 GPM per square foot or more.
3. Consider the Area to be Covered
Multiply the required GPM per square foot by the total area of the building.
4. Fire Pump Size
Ensure the fire pump can handle the calculated GPM. For instance, a 1000 GPM fire pump is suitable for most light to ordinary hazard classifications but may be insufficient for large extra hazard areas.
Sizing the Tank: Duration of Pump Operation
The duration for which the fire pump should be able to run, based on the hazard classification, is critical in determining the size of the fire protection storage tank. The NFPA standards specify different durations for various hazard classifications to ensure adequate water supply during a fire event.
- Light Hazard Occupancies: These typically require the fire pump to run for 30 minutes.
- Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 1 and 2): These require the fire pump to run for 60 to 90 minutes.
- Extra Hazard Occupancies (Group 1 and 2): These require the fire pump to run for 90 to 120 minutes.
Example Calculation
For a building classified as an ordinary hazard with a total area of 10,000 square feet:
GPM Requirement:
Assuming 0.2 GPM per square foot:
- Required GPM = 0.2 GPM/sq ft × 10,000 sq ft = 2000 GPM
Duration:
If the requirement is 60 minutes:
- Total Water Volume Required = 2000 GPM × 60 minutes = 120,000 gallons
Thus, for this example, the fire protection storage tank should have a capacity of at least 120,000 gallons to ensure the fire pump can operate for the required duration.
Servicing and Inspection Schedules
Regular servicing and inspection of fire protection storage tanks are crucial to ensure they function correctly during an emergency. The NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems provides guidelines for these activities.
Inspection Schedule
- Monthly: Check water levels, signs of corrosion, and overall condition.
- Quarterly: Inspect valves, gauges, and control equipment.
- Annually: Conduct a comprehensive inspection of the tank’s structural integrity, interior, and exterior coatings.
Servicing
- Cleaning: Regular cleaning to remove sediment and debris that could clog the system.
- Repairs: Address any leaks, rust spots, or damage promptly to prevent deterioration.
- Testing: Perform flow tests to ensure the system can deliver the required GPM.
NFPA References and Compliance
Ensuring compliance with NFPA standards is crucial for the effectiveness and reliability of fire protection storage tanks. Key NFPA standards include:
- NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
- NFPA 20: Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
- NFPA 22: Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
- NFPA 25: Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Adherence to these standards ensures that storage tanks are designed, installed, and maintained to provide optimal performance during a fire emergency.
Conclusion
Fire protection storage tanks are a critical component of any fire suppression system, and adherence to NFPA standards ensures they operate effectively when needed. By understanding the different types of tanks, their uses, and how to calculate the necessary GPM and tank size, you can make informed decisions about your fire protection needs. Regular inspection and maintenance will extend the lifespan of your tanks and ensure they provide reliable service in an emergency. Prioritizing fire safety through proper tank management is a step towards safeguarding lives and property.
Get in Touch
For reliable fire protection storage tanks and comprehensive fire protection services, contact Red Seal Fire Protection today. Our certified technicians are dedicated to ensuring your safety and compliance with all fire safety regulations.
- Email: sales@redsealfireprotection.com
- Phone: 548-888-3473
Understanding and implementing the guidelines and standards set by the NFPA can significantly enhance the effectiveness and reliability of your fire protection system. Regular servicing and adherence to these standards ensure that your fire protection storage tanks will perform as needed, providing peace of mind and safety for all.
By investing in proper fire protection storage tanks and their maintenance, you are taking a crucial step towards protecting your property, assets, and, most importantly, the lives of those who occupy your buildings.
